ABSTRACT Diagnosis in orthodontics involves more than a simple observation of the functions, but rather it is necessary to consider the problems that may arise in other structures such as the cervical spine, position of the hyoid bone, the temporomandibular joint, the airway, due to that orthodontic treatment acts by applying forces or redirecting them within the craniofacial complex and this intervention can alter the cranio-cervical posture. The literature was selected through a search in the electronic databases: Pubmed, Lilacs, Scopus, Springer, Ovid, Google Academic, Dialnet, Proquest, Pesquisa, Epistemonikos, Taylor & Francis, Web of Science, Machester Library search. The keywords used were diagnosis, cranio-cervical, posture, facial, morphology, orthodontics. The search was restricted to articles in English, Spanish, and Portuguese published from 1987 to 2022. After applying the inclusion criteria, a total of 18 articles were reviewed. The available literature revealed that it is of utmost importance to take into account the relationship that exists between the different structures of the cranio-cervical maxillofacial complex and they should be analyzed as such as a whole in order to have efficient results and with the advance of technology we have several methods to make a complete diagnosis and therefore an adequate praxis.

RESUMEN El diagnóstico en ortodoncia implica más allá de una simple observación de las funciones, sino que hay que tener en cuenta los problemas que pueden presentarse en otras estructuras como la columna cervical, posición del hueso hioides, la articulación temporomandibular, la vía aérea, debido a que el tratamiento de ortodoncia actúa mediante la aplicación de fuerzas o redirigiendo las mismas dentro del complejo craneofacial y esta intervención puede alterar la postura cráneo cervical. La literatura se seleccionó mediante una búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas: Pubmed, Lilacs, Scopus, Springer, Ovid, Google Academic, Dialnet, Proquest, Pesquisa, Epistemonikos, Taylor & Francis, Web of Science, Machester Library search. Las palabras claves utilizadas fueron: diagnosis, craniocervical, posture, facial, morphology, orthodontics. La búsqueda se restringió a artículos en inglés, español y portugués publicados desde el año 1987 al 2022. Después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión en total se revisaron 18 artículos. La literatura disponible reveló que es de suma importancia tener en cuenta la relación que existe entre las diferentes estructuras del complejo cráneo cérvico maxilo-facial y se deben analizarlas como tal en conjunto para poder tener resultados eficientes y con el avance de la tecnología tenemos varios métodos para realizar un diagnóstico completo y por lo tanto una praxis adecuada.

ABSTRACT: Isoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an immune-mediated disease that causes severe hemorrhagic lesions and high mortality in piglets. The disease can occur early in newborn piglets (EITP) or late in 2- to 3-week old piglets (LITP). In this study, we analysed the clinical, pathological, and hematological aspects of 391 ITP cases (312 with EITP and 79 with LITP). In LIPT cases, morbidity and mortality rates were higher, with rates of 60% (morbidity) and 53% (mortality). The main clinicopathological findings in ITP cases were different patterns of hemorrhages organs and tissues. In EITP, clinical signs were characterized by extensive subcutaneous hemorrhages and death occurred within a few days; however, in LITP, often sudden death occurred. In macroscopic analysis, hemorrhagic diathesis was observed in all affected animals. In EITP, the most severe hemorrhagic lesions were integumentary, mainly in the dermis and epidermis. In LITP, visceral lesions were predominant, mainly in the epicardium and intestines. Microscopic bone marrow analysis revealed mild cellular hyperplasia in EITP and bone marrow aplasia in LITP. hematological analyses revealed leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia in all ITP-affected animals. However, fostering by a different sow was only efficient in controlling EITP and had little effect in LITP-symptomatic piglets, due to more severe lesions. Further studies on the etiopathogenesis of LITP are required to improve our understanding of this disease form.

RESUMO: Púrpura trombocitopênica isoimune (PTI) é uma doença imunomediada que causa lesões hemorrágicas graves e alta mortalidade em leitões, que pode se apresentar através de uma forma precoce em leitões neonatos (PTIP) ou uma forma tardia em leitões com duas a três semanas de idade (PTIT). Neste trabalho analisamos aspectos clínicos, hematológicos e histopatológicos de 391 casos de PTI, sendo 312 de PTIP e 79 de PTIT. Observou-se maiores morbidade (60%) e mortalidade (53%) na PTIT. Os principais achados clínico-patológicos observado na PTI são hemorragias em diferentes graus de intensidade e nos diferentes órgãos e tecidos. Na PTIP observou-se predominantemente hemorragias subcutâneas extensas e morte em alguns dias, já na PTIT, observou-se além de grave hemorragia, morte súbita. Na análise macroscópica, observou-se diátese hemorrágica em todos os animais afetados. Na PTIP as lesões hemorrágicas mais graves foram tegumentares, principalmente em derme e epiderme, enquanto, na forma tardia, observou-se lesões predominantemente viscerais, em epicárdico e intestino. A análise microscópica de medula óssea revelou discreta hiperplasia celular na forma PTIP, enquanto, na PTIT observou-se aplasia medular. Na análise hematológica observou-se leucopenia, trombocitopenia e anemia em todos os animais com PTI. Os achados clínicos, histopatológicos e hematológicos para PTIP e PTIT da doença permitiram o diagnóstico de PTI. Entretanto, a troca de mãe se mostrou eficiente apenas para controle PTIP, uma vez que, esta estratégia apresenta pouco resultado para leitões sintomáticos com a PTIT, devido lesões mais severas. Estudos sobre a etiopatogênese da PTIT ainda são necessários para melhor entendimento desta forma da doença.

This paper aims to analyze the structure of the Ti-25Ta-xZr system alloys (x = 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% wt.) after melting and hot-rolling by Rietveld's technique. The results confirm that zirconium acts as a β phase stabilizer (in which the Ti-25Ta-40Zr alloy is fully β in the as-cast condition), increases the lattice parameters of the phases, decreases the c/a ratio of the α phase, consequently, decreases the elastic modulus values (86 to 72GPa) and decreases the atomic packing factor (APF) of the alloys (60% reduction compared to alloys with and without zirconium in the as-cast condition and 50% reduction in the hot-rolled condition). Concerning hot-rolling, this mechanical process induces the α phase formation and increases the atomic packing factor of the alloys (APF). By the William-Hall technique, it was possible to calculate the average crystalline size and the micro-strain of the structures.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the search for metallic alloys with favorable mechanical and chemical characteristics that elicit a positive biological response. Among these alloys, β-Ti alloys have attracted significant attention due to their low elastic modulus and excellent biocompatibility. The addition of Nb contributes to stabilizing the β phase at room temperatures, leading to the transformation of β into β + α (β-isomorph). Additionally, despite Zr being commonly considered a neutral element, it can exhibit a β-stabilizing characteristic when combined with betagenic elements. Both Nb and Zr have been shown to effectively increase the lattice parameter of the β phase, which is advantageous for reducing the elastic modulus. The primary objective of this study was to characterize β-Ti alloys within the Ti-Nb-Zr system, specifically Ti-40Nb-20Zr, Ti-40Nb-30Zr, and Ti-40Nb-40Zr (wt.%) produced via arc furnace casting. The study aimed to investigate the influence of the proportion of β-stabilizing or betagenic elements on the microstructure and properties of the alloys, including Vickers microhardness and elastic modulus.

With increasing life expectancy, revision surgeries have become more frequent in implanted people. This is due to the biological and biomechanical incompatibility that generates, among others, problems such as stress shielding. This works aims to analyze the influence of the hot rolling process (HR sample) on the microstructure and, consequently, the properties of β-Ti multiprincipal alloys: Ti-27Nb-39Zr (39Zr), Ti-30Nb-50Zr (50Zr), and Ti-20Nb-30Zr-13Ta (30Zr) (wt. %.) (equimassic and with high content of β-stabilizer elements). All samples were subjected to characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the phases present, and optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were realized to characterize the microstructure and confirm the phases obtained through XRD. Before hot rolling, only the β phase was identified, but in the HR condition, the α and β phases were identified. Consequently, it did not observe significant changes in microhardness for all alloys, while the elastic modulus was observed with a reduction of 23% for 39Zr, 46% for 40Zr, and 13% for 30Zr. The hot rolling processing was confirmed to be a helpful route to reduce the elastic modulus for β Ti multiprincipal alloys opening perspectives for applying such alloys as metallic implant materials.

ABSTRACT As from the particularities of the development of the investigative competencies in students of the medicine career like one belonging to the fundamental vertices for the achievement of good academic results, the investigation has as the main objective to implement an educational strategy to development the investigative competencies in students of the medicine career of the Regional Autonomous University of Andes, which provide the average professors of this career and educational resources to stimulate the development of the investigative competencies. The process of investigation required of empiric methods, theoretical and mathematical statisticians. Pedagogic pre-experiment corroborated the effectiveness of the application of the educational strategy in the selected sign itself through the method.

RESUMEN A partir de las particularidades del desarrollo de las competencias investigativas en estudiantes de la carrera de medicina como uno de los vértices fundamentales para el logro de buenos resultados académicos. La investigación tiene por objetivo implementar una estrategia educativa que potencie el desarrollo de las competencias investigativas en estudiantes de la carrera de medicina de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes. La cual, proporciona a los profesores de esta carrera medios y recursos educativos para estimular el desarrollo de las competencias investigativas. El proceso de la investigación requirió de métodos empíricos, teóricos y estadísticos-matemáticos. A través del método pre-experimento pedagógico se corroboró la efectividad de la aplicación de la estrategia educativa en la muestra seleccionada.

ABSTRACT Dating violence as a particular form of violence in couples of adolescents and young people, requires study and intervention, the objective of the work is to characterize the violence received, exerted and perceived according to sex in dating relationships of Medicine students at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 74 medical students at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos. An abbreviated Cuban version of the VREP questionnaire was applied. The article shows the main results: more than half of the sample experienced situations of violence in almost all types, physical, sexual, social psychological violence, psychological violence humiliation coercion, psychological violence control jealousy. The most suffered violence was Psychological violence control jealousy. The females exercised more psychological violence control jealousy and psychological violence humiliation coercion, and the males with similar percentages the types of psychological violence. Physical violence and psychological violence humiliation coercion were perceived better by both sexes. Violence in courtships of medical students is a phenomenon with an important presence. It was bidirectional, with few differences between both sexes who act as recipients and perpetrators of violence. Men reported receiving more violence, but they tend to exercise it and perceive it to a greater extent.

RESUMEN La violencia en el noviazgo como forma particular de violencia en parejas de adolescentes y jóvenes, requiere estudio e intervención, el objetivo del trabajo es caracterizar la violencia recibida, ejercida y percibida según el sexo en relaciones de noviazgo de estudiantes de Medicina en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. Se realizo un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal a una muestra de 74 estudiantes de medicina en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. Se aplicó una versión cubana abreviada del cuestionario VREP. El artículo muestra los principales resultados: más de la mitad de la muestra vivieron situaciones de violencia en casi todas las tipologías, violencia física, sexual, psicológica social, violencia psicológica humillación coerción, violencia psicológica control celos. La violencia más padecida fue Violencia psicológica control celos. Las féminas ejercieron más Violencia psicológica control celos y Violencia psicológica humillación coerción, y los masculinos con similares porcentajes los tipos de violencia psicológica. Percibieron mejor ambos sexos la Violencia física y Violencia psicológica humillación coerción. La violencia en noviazgos de estudiantes de Medicina es un fenómeno con una presencia importante. Fue de tipo bidireccional, con escasas diferencias entre ambos sexos que actúan como receptores y perpetradores de la violencia. Los varones refirieron recibir más violencia, pero suelen ejercerla y percibirla en mayor medida.

ABSTRACT The importance of the present study is related to the relevance of the permanent improvement of student learning at different educational levels, including higher education, which becomes more significant in the current context of the impact of COVID-19 in education. The consideration of different didactic procedures for its improvement is not homogeneous, nor are they frequently systematized in a single place. The aim of the paper is to offer an essential characterization and systematization of the main didactic procedures that can be used to develop student learning. To this end, the methods of bibliographical consultation and analytical-synthetic methods were used. As a result, a systematized characterization and presentation of 13 fundamental procedures to develop learning is made. It is concluded that these didactic procedures can be used to promote students' learning and that they would contribute, according to the contexts, levels and subjects, to achieve this purpose.

RESUMEN La importancia del presente estudio se relaciona con la relevancia que posee el perfeccionamiento permanente del aprendizaje de los estudiantes en diversos niveles educativos, incluyendo el superior, lo que se hace más significativo en el contexto actual del impacto del COVID-19 en la educación. La consideración de diferentes procedimientos didácticos para su mejora no posee homogeneidad ni aparecen frecuentemente sistematizados en un solo lugar. El objetivo del trabajo es ofrecer una caracterización esencial y sistematización de los principales procedimientos didácticos que se pueden aprovechar para desarrollar el aprendizaje en los estudiantes. Para ello se emplearon los métodos de consulta bibliográfica y analítico-sintético. Como resultado se realiza una caracterización y presentación sistematizada de 13 procedimientos fundamentales para desarrollar el aprendizaje. Se concluye que para promover el aprendizaje de los estudiantes se pueden utilizar estos procedimientos didácticos que contribuirían, según los contextos, niveles y materias, a alcanzar esta finalidad.

ABSTRACT The article addresses a topical issue related to the significance of the practice for future jurists to achieve in-depth knowledge, such as that required in this profession, which is closely linked to human well-being and the achievement of justice. The necessary link between theory and practice, based on the design of work practice as an organizational form of teaching, from the analytical program of some subjects of the Law Degree career, brings novelty to what is outlined in the content of the research, developed by the authors, and which is summarized in this article. They aim to develop labor practice as a didactic strategy in the teaching and learning process in the Agrarian Law subject of the Law Degree, the method used is analytical-synthetic and the expected results are related to the solution of the most general problems and common in the performance of the legal profession.

RESUMEN El artículo aborda un tema de actualidad relacionado con la significatividad de la práctica para que los futuros juristas alcancen conocimientos profundos, como los que se requieren en esta profesión, la que está muy ligada al bienestar humano y al logro de la justicia. El necesario vínculo de la teoría con la práctica, a partir del diseño de la práctica laboral como forma organizativa de la docencia, desde el programa analítico de algunas asignaturas de la carrera de Licenciatura en Derecho, le aporta novedad a lo esbozado en el contenido de la investigación, desarrollada por los autores, y que se resume en este artículo. Tienen como objetivo desarrollar la práctica laboral como estrategia didáctica en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en la asignatura Derecho Agrario de la Licenciatura de Derecho, el método empleado es analítico- sintético y los resultados esperados están relacionados a la solución de los problemas más generales y frecuentes en el desempeño de la profesión del jurista.

ABSTRACT Reading is perhaps one of the topics most in demand today in our country and in the international arena and as a necessary component in higher education, it is key to the training process. The use of reading from its dialogic variant, confirms it as a necessity to promote spaces that allow the formation of a culture of gender equality and non-violence, as well as education in values with a gender perspective, by conceiving this content as an element fundamental for the scope of the integral and humanistic formation of the future Elementary Education teacher-to-be. Based on this consideration, the proposals and reflections that this article presents as part of the results of a practical experience, show the possibility of planning and implementing an elective course to strengthen the work in this regard, where the use of dialogic reading resulted essential during the treatment of the foreseen topics what is appreciated from the acceptance regarding the suggestions of texts and proposed topics as well as the way to consider the work with the reading.

RESUMEN La lectura es quizás unos de los temas más demandados actualmente en nuestro país y en la arena internacional y como componente necesario en la educación superior, resulta esencial para el proceso formativo. El uso de la lectura desde su variante dialógica, la confirma como necesidad para promover espacios que permitan la formación de una cultura de igualdad de género y la no violencia, así como la educación en valores con perspectiva de género, por concebir este contenido como elemento fundamental para el alcance de la formación integral y humanista del estudiante de la carrera Licenciatura en Educación Primaria. A partir de esta consideración, las propuestas y reflexiones que este artículo presenta como parte de resultados de una experiencia práctica, muestran la posibilidad de planificación e implementación de un curso optativo para fortalecer el trabajo en este sentido, donde la utilización de la lectura dialógica resultó esencial durante el tratamiento de los temas previstos lo que se aprecia desde la aceptación en cuanto a las sugerencias de textos y temas propuestos así como la forma de considerar el trabajo con la lectura.

ABSTRACT The treatment of teacher training programs generated by human talent departments has been a great concern for university and other schools' educational managers. In the interest of observing this problem, the present research has been developed at UNIANDES Quevedo University, focusing on how to promote continuous improvement and empowerment of teachers to exercise their transforming role in the preparation of professionals as cultural axiological managers? We proceeded in an Action-Research context under the quali-quantitative approach establishing a propositive scope, using methods such as: analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, modeling, systemic and agile methodologies. The results are diverse, from the theoretical perspective, it is possible to reveal the paradigms and tendencies that govern the continuous training of teachers and in the empirical-propositive order, the projective systemic strategy to ensure the continuous training of teachers is presented.

RESUMEN El tratamiento que los programas de formación docente generados desde los departamentos de talento humano han constituido una gran preocupación para las gerencias educativas universitarias y de otras escuelas. En el interés de observar esta problemática se ha desarrollado la presente investigación en la Universidad UNIANDES Quevedo, colocando el focus en ¿cómo se propicia la mejora continua y el empoderamiento de los docentes para ejercer su rol transformador en la preparación de los profesionales como gestores axiológicos culturales? Se procedió en un contexto de Investigación - Acción bajo el enfoque cuali-cuantitativo estableciendo un alcance propositivo, empleándose métodos como: analístico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, la modelación, el sistémico y las metodologías ágiles. Los resultados son diversos, desde la perspectiva teórica, se logran revelar los paradigmas y tendencias que rigen la formación continua de los docentes y en el orden empírico-propositivo se presenta la Estrategia sistémica proyectiva para asegurar la formación continua del docente.

ABSTRACT The research takes into account the educational problems of higher education, referring to the investigative didactic strategies and the development of student research. It is a quantitative investigation. The research design is regression analysis, which is a statistical technique used to see the relationship that exists between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.

RESUMEN La investigación toma en cuenta la problemática educativa de educación superior, referida a las estrategias didácticas investigativas y la elaboración de investigaciones de los alumnos. Es una investigación cuantitativa. El diseño de la investigación es transversal, el modelo matemático desarrollado el análisis de regresiónmúltiple, que es una técnica estadística que sirve para ver la relación que existe entre una variable dependiente y de una a más variables independientes.

ABSTRACT Universities play a fundamental role in developing societies around the world, such is the case of the Universidad Regional Autonoma de Los Andes, which is a cornerstone in the professional development of its region. That is why it is essential giving an accurate response in times of uncertainty through the transformation that arises from the link between the objectives of Sustainable Development 2030 of the UN with those of the National Development Plan (Toda una Vida) in Ecuador. All this in order to land in the strategic objectives of the Strategic Plan for Institutional Development and the praxis in its Annual Operating Plans that make them viable, self-transforming in the face of events that generate uncertainty. The main objective is to analyze the transformation of these objectives in the environment of uncertainty in the career of Law at UNIANDES. It is intended that with the understanding of the process, it will be possible to establish strategies for teachers and students to adjust to the environment of uncertainty that will mark the next five years.

RESUMEN Las universidades desempeñan un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de las sociedades del mundo, tal es el caso de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de Los Andes que es una piedra angular en el desarrollo profesional de su región. Es por ello que resulta primordial dar respuesta de forma certera en tiempos de incertidumbre mediante la transformación que surgea partir del enlace entre los objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 2030 de la ONU con los del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (Toda una Vida) en Ecuador. Todo ello con el fin de aterrizar en los objetivos estratégicos del Plan Estratégico de Desarrollo Institucional y la praxis en sus Planes Operativos Anuales que los viabilizan, auto transformándose ante los eventos que generan incertidumbre. Se plantea como objetivo principal analizar el proceso de transformación de estos objetivos en el ambiente de incertidumbre en la carrera de Derecho en UNIANDES. Puesto que se pretende que con la comprensión del proceso se lograrán establecer estrategias para docentes y estudiantes que se ajusten a al ambiente de incertidumbre que marcará el próximo quinquenio.

ABSTRACT The work is the product of a macro project "How to do research in Law?" directed by the author. Its modality is qualitative, of exploratory type. The objective was to identify the research methodology, paradigms and methods used in the research project of the undergraduate law program of several Ecuadorian universities. For this purpose, ten randomly selected research projects were reviewed. The methods used were interpretative, grammatical, logical and historical. Concluding that in the research project the methodology of scientific research is used, most of them do not use paradigms and when they do it is erroneously, the methods used were inductive, deductive, analytical and synthetic, typical of scientific research.

RESUMEN El trabajo es producto de un proyecto macro ¿cómo investigar en Derecho? dirigido por el autor. Su modalidad es cualitativa, de tipo exploratoria. El objetivo fue identificar la metodología de investigación, los paradigmas y métodos utilizados en el proyecto investigación de la carrera de Derecho de pregrado de varias universidades ecuatorianas. Para lo cual se revisó diez proyectos de investigación escogidas al azar. Los métodos utilizados fueron el interpretativo, gramatical, lógico e histórico. Concluyendo que en el proyecto de investigación se utilizala metodología de la investigación científica, mayoritariamente no utiliza paradigmas y cuando lo hacen es de manera errónea, los métodos utilizados fueron el inductivo, deductivo, analítico y sintético propios de la investigación científica.

ABSTRACT Pediatric surgery undergoes development in care, as well as in research and teaching. Holguín teachers have the social commission of training specialists in the eastern region of Cuba. They must have tools to improve the teaching-learning process. The objective was to propose a model for the training of the specialist in Pediatric Surgery. Development research. A model was designed for the professional training of the pediatric surgeon. Theoretical and empirical methods were applied. Methodological shortcomings were detected in the current training program that limits the teaching-learning process of pediatric surgery. A model was obtained that favors the training of this professional.

RESUMEN La cirugía pediátrica experimenta desarrollo en la asistencia, así como en la investigación y en la docencia. Los profesores de Holguín tienen el encargo social de formar especialistas en la región oriental de Cuba. Deben contar con herramientas para perfeccionar el proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje. El objetivo fue proponer un modelo para la formación del especialista en Cirugía Pediátrica. Investigación de desarrollo. Se diseñó una modelo para la formación profesional del cirujano pediatra. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos y empíricos. Se detectaron insuficiencias metodológicas en el programa de formación actual que limita el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la cirugía pediátrica. Se obtuvo una modelo que favorece la formación de este profesional.